P28 Studies

EREC P28 Voltage Fluctuations Compliance Studies

At RenSolv, we are specialists in performing EREC P28 voltage fluctuations compliance assessment studies. Our engineers have been delivering power quality and grid compliance studies for over 15 years across solar, wind, BESS, conventional generation, and co-located projects, supporting developers and asset owners to progress grid connections with minimum delay.

EREC P28 is the UK engineering recommendation used to assess voltage fluctuations caused by disturbing equipment connected to transmission and distribution networks. For renewable and storage projects, it is particularly relevant because it addresses the practical power quality risks that can arise during energisation, switching, tripping, and normal inverter operation.

What a P28 study involves (and why it matters)

A P28 assessment is not simply a documentation requirement. It is intended to demonstrate that the project can be connected and operated without creating unacceptable voltage disturbances for other network users.

In practice, P28 compliance assessments commonly focus on:

  • Transformer energisation, including realistic energisation sequences and the resulting voltage dips or rapid voltage changes.
  • Voltage step changes arising from credible events such as inverter tripping or complete site disconnection.
  • Flicker emissions during inverter operation for both generation and storage applications.

These items are often key approval gates because they directly influence how a site is commissioned and how it will be operated on the network.

Voltage envelope for frequent events taken from EREC P28
Figure 1: Voltage envelope for frequent events, taken from EREC P28.
Voltage envelope for infrequent events taken from EREC P28
Figure 2: Voltage envelope for infrequent events, taken from EREC P28.
Voltage envelope for very infrequent events taken from EREC P28
Figure 3: Voltage envelope for very infrequent events, taken from EREC P28.

How we work with clients

We keep our clients informed throughout the assessment process. If a potential non-compliance is identified, we raise it early so it can be resolved before documentation is finalised. This saves time, avoids unnecessary iteration, and allows practical operational solutions to be agreed early.

That might include, for example, pre-insertion resistors, point-on-wave switching, or revised energisation sequencing. We aim to make P28 outcomes useful not only for the DNO submission, but also for commissioning and long-term operational planning.

P28 requires evidence of the following

A robust P28 submission is designed to provide clear evidence covering:

  • Voltage dips and rapid voltage changes associated with transformer energisation, assessed at the relevant network interface and compared against the P28 voltage-time envelopes.
  • Voltage step change impacts for credible disturbance and disconnection events, presented so that worst-case scenarios are clear and operationally manageable.
  • Flicker emissions arising from inverter operation, presented against the applicable limit framework at the network interface.

What you receive from RenSolv

RenSolv provides professionally written technical reports authored by specialist power system engineers with extensive power systems backgrounds and years of technical experience on real projects.

Our reports provide a clear, structured submission for both the client and the DNO, presenting compliance outcomes against the relevant requirements and limits, with unambiguous conclusions and practical next steps where required.

Typical Projects We Support

RenSolv provides P28 compliance assessment studies for a wide range of generation and storage developments, including:

  • Utility-scale solar farms.
  • Onshore and offshore wind projects.
  • Battery energy storage systems (BESS).
  • Hybrid renewable projects, including solar plus storage and wind plus storage.
  • Co-located generation and storage developments.
  • Data centres.

Our studies support projects connecting at distribution voltages including 11 kV, 33 kV, 66 kV, and 132 kV.

Project Reference

As a recent example, we performed a P28 compliance assessment for a facility consisting of a solar farm and a BESS connected first to an independent DNO at 33 kV, and then to the DNO network at 132 kV via a 52 MVA 132/33 kV grid transformer.

The overall site had a maximum export capacity of 42.7 MW and an import capacity of 10 MW, consistent with the connection agreement, and the P28 scope covered transformer energisation impacts, voltage step changes, and flicker emissions for both the solar farm and the BESS.

Other Projects Supported by RenSolv

RenSolv engineers have supported renewable generation and energy storage projects across the UK transmission and distribution networks.

Further details on comparable projects supported by RenSolv can be found in our Project Experience section.

Example P28 project schematic showing a solar farm and BESS connected through an iDNO and grid transformer
Figure 4: Example project arrangement used to define a typical P28 compliance scope for solar and BESS infrastructure.

Why choose RenSolv

Deep technical capability with real project experience

We bring specialist power systems expertise backed by years of industry experience in power quality compliance. Our submissions are structured around the evidence that network operators expect to see, helping minimise unnecessary review cycles.

A practical and collaborative working style

We work with clients to identify issues early, translate them into realistic commissioning and operational actions, and keep the compliance process both technically clear and commercially usable.

Support through to project delivery

Where required, we attend meetings with project teams and network operators to support the project through to completion, helping close out technical queries beyond the study report itself.

Discuss your P28 compliance requirements or an upcoming project with a RenSolv specialist engineer.

Book your free 30-minute consultation today.

Book your free 30-minute consultation